When establishing a company in France, 公司创始人必须选择其未来法人实体的形式. 法国公司法提供了多种不同的公司结构. 这一选择对未来的法律地位和税收都是决定性的, administrative and labour law purposes. 所选择的公司结构可以在任何时候通过公司股东的决议来改变.
In France, a notary is not required to establish a company. 作为法国专门从事公司法的律师,我们可以照顾到 establishment of your company and support and accompany you in all related legal matters.
Do you have questions about French Labour Law?
We are happy to advise you!
Contact
Types of legal entities in France
以下是法国不同类型法律实体的简要介绍:
The limited liability partnership Société en nom collectif (SNC)
The Société en nom collectif (SNC)是一种股东(至少2名)具有商业地位并对公司债务承担连带责任的公司形式. There is no minimum capital.
The public limited liability company Société anonyme (SA)
The Société anonyme (SA) is a corporation with at least 2 shareholders. 这个法国实体可以由一个有主席的董事会或一个有行政董事的监事会来管理.
The private limited liability company Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)
The Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)是一种法律实体,股东(2至100人)只对公司的债务负责,直至其个人出资. There is no minimum capital requirement in France.
Other French legal entities:
– If there is only one shareholder, the company is a Entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée (EURL).
– If partners perform a regulated liberal profession (ex. doctors or lawyers), the company is a Société d’exercice libéral à responsabilité limitée (SELARL). 如需设立公众有限责任公司,其法律形式为 Société d’exercice libéral à forme anonyme (SELAFA).
– A Société d’exercice libéral par actions simplifiée (SELAS) can also be established as a simplified limited liability company (see below).
The simplified limited liability company Société par actions simplifiée (SAS)
The Société par actions simplifiée (SAS) is a very popular legal entity in France. 这是一种简化的资本公司,股东(至少2名)只对公司的债务负责,直至他们的个人资本出资额(与私人有限责任公司(SARL)一样)。. No minimum capital is required. Compared to the SARL, 在公司章程方面,公司创始人有更多的自由. If there is only one shareholder, the legal entity is a Société par actions simplifiée unipersonnelle (SASU).
Establishing a French company
在法国,公司是在有管辖权的商事法庭的当地公司登记(RCS)下成立的. 管辖权是由公司注册办事处的所在地决定的. Registration takes approximately two weeks. Without registration, 该公司没有法人资格,因此不能在其对外业务关系中行事.
In addition, 在法国,公司必须在银行开设一个账户,并将至少一半的股本存入账户. 法国银行通常要求在未来公司董事在场的情况下开立银行账户. Furthermore, the company also requires a registered office, that can either be a rented office space or a mere post-box.
When a company is incorporated in France, 持有公司25%以上股本或25%以上表决权的个人需向公司登记. After registration in the commercial register, the company receives a “Kbis”, which is the commercial register extract. Extract from the commercial register, 公司章程及股东决议可在公司正式登记册网址查阅: www.infogreffe.fr
Tax advisers and company auditors in France
所有在法国注册成立的公司都要遵守会计义务. 例如,公司必须每年向商业登记簿提交资产负债表. 许多公司如果没有自己的内部会计,就把会计义务委托给外部税务顾问. However, there is no legal obligation to appoint a tax advisor.
The appointment of a company auditor, so-called Commissaire aux comptes, needs to be distinguished from the company’s tax advisor. 法律要求任命一名法国公司审计师,任期至少6年,这取决于公司的资产负债表, its turnover and the number of employees. For example, for a SARL, 如符合以下三个门槛中的两个,公司必须委任核数师:
– € 4,000,000 balance sheet total
– € 8,000,000 turnover (excluding VAT)
– 50 employees
亦可应持有最少三分之一股本的股东的要求委任核数师. 超过阈值仍未指定审计师,可判处2年监禁和30欧元罚款,000.
Liability of managing directors in France
当在法国成立公司时,以及在董事总经理任命的整个期间, 对管理不善的税务问题承担民事和刑事责任. This applies both internally and externally. 董事总经理的错误发生在他/她履行职责的时候, in an active as well as passive manner.
The basic requirement is an error of the director causing damage (e.g. 不遵守公司章程或对公司有不忠行为). In external relationships, 总经理的不法行为导致公司本身受到该行为对第三方的约束. Unless the other party can be proven to have acted in bad faith.
In event of insolvency, the insolvency administrator may, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for misconduct by the managing director. 然后,公司的总经理对他/她的私人资产负责. 即使在股东的责任减少到股本的情况下, the liability limit may be extended under certain circumstances.
Insolvency procedures in France
当一家公司的可用资金(资产)不再足以偿还其债务时,该公司就在法律上资不抵债. In such event, an application for insolvency, the Dépôt de Bilan, must be filed with the commercial or district court. 破产申请必须在破产之日起最多45天内向有管辖权的法院提出. Failure to do so may amount to an insolvency delay.
French law offers different insolvency procedures, depending on whether the company can be restructured (redressement or liquidation). In certain circumstances, 在财务困难的情况下,也可以寻求法院的保护,而无需申请破产(Procédure de Sauvegarde or Conciliation).
Notwithstanding the above, 公司可随时经股东决议解散. 如果母公司在国外是法国子公司的唯一股东,那就是所谓的 transmission universelle de patrimoine, also called TUP, i.e. “合并”,随着子公司的解散而自动发生.
Conclusion: Company Law France
在法国成立公司需要考虑很多法律方面的问题. 从选择合适的公司结构到在法国成立公司,以及考虑税收和责任相关问题. As lawyers specialising in French corporate law, 我们支持并陪伴您在法国建立和存在您的公司.